OS/2Warp running in VirtualBoxWhen I started graduate school in June 1994, I showed up having used Win3.1 and AOL for dial-up.  While in grad school, I began using Sparc systems running SunOS (web browser was Netscape), which is what was available in the curriculum I was in.  I also got to interact and engage with a lot of other now-historical stuff, and over time, I've had passing feelings of sentimentality and nostalgia.

After I arrived in CA, I was shown PPP/SLIP dial-up for Windows systems, and was fascinated with the configuration and use, mostly because now, I was one of the cool kids.  For a while, I dabbled with the idea of a dual degree (EE/CS, never committed to it) and came in pretty close contact with folks from the CS department.  As it turned out, there were more than a few folks in the CS department who were interested in OS/2, including one of the professors who had a program that would sort and optimize the boot-up sequence for OS/2 so that it would load and run faster.

Also, it didn't hurt that I attended grad school was not far from Silicon Valley, the center of the universe for tech coolness at the time.  In fact, the EE curriculum had a class each summer called "hot chips" where we studied the latest in microprocessor technology, and corresponded with the "Hot Chips" conference in San Jose.  The class was taught by Prof. F. Terman, the son of the other Fred Terman.

While I was in grad school, I was eventually introduced to OS/2.  I purchased a copy of OS/2 2.1 at Frye's Electronics (in SunnyVale, next to Weird Stuff), specifically because the box came with a sticker/coupon for $15 off of OS/2 Warp 3.0.  I enjoyed working with OS/2 at the time; I could dial into my local ISP (Garlique.com at the time), connect to the school systems, and run multiple instances of MatLab programs I'd written as part of a course.  I could then either connect later and collect the output, or simply have it available when I arrived at the school. 

I had no idea at the time, but for the first four months or so that I was at NPS, I walked by Gary Kildall's office almost every day.  I never did get to see CP/M in action, but anyone who's ever used MS-DOS has interacted with a shadow of what CP/M once was and was intended to be.

While I was in grad school, I had two courses in assembly language programming, both based on the Motorola 68000, the microprocessor used in Amiga systems.  I never owned an Amiga as a kid, but while I was in grad school, there was someone in a nearby town who ran a BBS based on Amiga, and after grad school, I did see an Amiga system at a church yard sale. 

While I was in the Monterey/Carmel area of California, I also became peripherally aware of such oddities of the tech world as BeOS and NeXT.

Looking back on all this, I was active duty military at the time, and could not have afforded to pull together the various bits and pieces to lay the foundation for a future museum.  Also, for anyone familiar with the system the military uses to move service members between duty stations, this likely would not have survived (ah, the stories...).  However, thanks to virtualization systems such as VirtualBox, you can now pull together a museum-on-a-hard-drive, by either downloading the virtual images, or collecting the necessary materials and installing them yourself.  As you can see from the image in this post, I found an OS/2Warp VB image available online.  I don't do much with it, but I do remember that the web browser was the first one I encountered that would let you select an image in a web page and drag it to your desktop.  At the time, that was some pretty cool stuff!

Resources (links to instructions, not all include images or ISO files)
VirtualBox BeOS R5
VirtualBox Haiku (inspired by BeOS) images (there's also a Plan 9 image...just sayin'...)
NeXT in VirtualBox: NeXTSTEP, stuffjasondoes
Virtually Fun - CPM/86
VirtualBox Amiga

I recently shared my findings from an analysis challenge that Ali posted, and after publishing my post, found out that Adam had also shared his findings.  Looking at both posts, it's clear that there are two different approaches, and as I read through Adam's findings, it occurred to me that this is an excellent example of what I've seen time and time again in the industry. 

Adam and I have never met, and I know nothing at all about his background.  I only know that Adam's blog has (at the time of this writing) a single post, from 2 Jan 2019.  On the other hand, my blogging goes back to 2004, and I've been in the industry for over 21 years, with several years of service prior to that.  All this is intended to point out is that Adam and I each come to the table with a different perspective, and given the same data, will likely approach it differently.

A good deal of my experience is in the consulting arena, meaning that engagements usually start with a phone call, and in most cases, it's very likely that the folks I work with weren't the first to be called, and won't be the last.  Yes, I'm saying that in some cases, consumers of digital analysis services shop around.  This isn't a bad thing, it's simply meant to indicate that they're looking for the "best deal".  As such, cases are "spec'd out" based on a number of hours...not necessarily the number of hours it will take to complete the work, but more so the number of hours a customer is willing to purchase for the work they want done.  The nature outcome of this is that once the customer's questions have been established, the analyst assigned the work needs to focus on answering the questions.  Otherwise, time spent pursuing off-topic issues or "rabbit holes" increases the time it takes to complete the work, which isn't billed to the customer.  As such, the hourly rate drops, and it can drop to the point where the company looses money on the work.

All of this is meant to say that without an almost pedantic focus on the questions at hand, an analyst is going to find themselves not making friends; reports won't be delivered on time, additional analysts will need to be assigned to actually complete the work, and someone may have their approved vacation rescinded (I've actually seen this happen...) in order to get the work done.

When I read the challenge, my focus was on the text that the admin saw and reported.  As such, my analysis goal, before even downloading the challenge image, was to determine the location of the file on the system, and then determine how it got there.

However, I approached Ali's first question of how the system was hacked a little differently; I've dealt with a lot of customers in two decades who've asked how something was "hacked", and I've had to keep in mind that their use of the term is different from mine.  For me, "hacked" refers to exploiting a vulnerability to gain access to a system, escalate privileges, and/or essentially take actions for which the system and data were never intended.  I didn't go into the analysis assuming that the system was "hacked"...I approached my analysis from the perspective that the focus of main effort for my analysis was the message that the admin had reported, and any "hacking" of the system would be within some modicum of temporal proximity to that file being created and/or modified.  As such, a timeline was in order, and this approach helped me with question #2, regarding "evidence".  In fact, creating micro-timelines or "overlays" allowed me to target my analysis.  At one point, I created a timeline of just logon events from the Security Event Log.  In order to prove that the Administrator account was used to create the target readme.txt file, I created micro-timelines for both user profiles, using just web browser and Registry (specifically, shellbags and RecentDocs) data.

From my overall timeline, I found when the "C:\Tools\readme.txt" file had been created, and I then used that as a pivot point for my analysis.  This is how I arrived at the finding that the Administrator account had been used to create the file.

From my perspective, the existence of additional text files (i.e., within a folder on the "master" profile desktop), who created them and when, the modification to magnify.exe, and the system time change all fell into the same bucket for question #4 (i.e., "anything you would like to add").  All of these things fell out of the timeline rather easily, but I purposely did not pursue further analysis of things such as the execution of magnify.exe, net.exe, and net1.exe, as I had already achieved my analysis goal.

Again, in my experience as a consultant, completing analysis work within a suitable time frame (one that allows the business to achieve it's margins) hinges upon a focus on the stated analysis goals. 

I've seen this throughout my career...a number of years ago, I was reviewing a ransomware case as part of an incident tracking effort, and noticed in the data that the same vulnerability used to compromise the system prior to ransomware being deployed had been used previously to access the system and install a bitcoin miner.  As the customer's questions specifically focused on the ransomware, analysis of the bitcoin miner incident hadn't been pursued.  This wasn't an issue...the analyst hadn't "missed" anything.  In fact, the recommendations in the report that applied to the ransomware issue applied equally well to the bitcoin miner incident.

A Different Perspective
It would seem, from my reading (and interpretation) of Adam's findings that his focus was more on the "hack".  Early on in his post, Adam's statement of his analysis goals corresponded very closely to my understanding of the challenge:

We are tasked with performing an IR investigation from a user who reported they've found a suspicious note on their system. We are given only the contents of the message (seen below) without its file path, and also no time at which the note was left.

...and...

Since we can understand that this note was of concern to the user, it is very important to start developing a time frame of before the note was created to understand what led to this point. This will allow the investigator to find the root cause efficiently.

Adam went on to describe analyzing shellbags artifacts, but there was no indication in his write-up that he'd done a side-by-side mapping of date/time stamps, with respect to the readme.txt file to the shellbag artifacts.  Shortly after that, the focus shifted to magnify.exe, and away from the text file in question.

Adam continued with a perspective that you don't often see in write-ups or reports; not only did he look up the hash of the file on VT, but he demonstrated his hypothesis regarding how magnify.exe might have been used, in a virtual machine.

In the end, however, I could not find where the question of how the "C:\Tools\readme.txt" file came to be on the system was clearly and directly addressed.  It may be there; I just couldn't find it.

Final Words
I did engage with the challenge author early this morning (9 Jan), and he shared with me the specifics of how different files (the files in a folder on one user's desktop) were created on the system.  I think that one of the major comments I shared with Ali was that not only was this challenge representative of what I've seen in the industry, but so are the shared findings.  No two analysts come to the table with the exact same experience and perspectives, and left to their own devices, no two analysts will approach and solve the same analysis (or challenge) the same way.  But this is where documentation and sharing is most valuable; by working challenges such as these, either separately or together, and then sharing our findings publicly, we can all find a way to improve every aspect of what we do.

Ali was gracious enough to make several of the challenges that he put together for his students available online, as well as for allowing me to include the first challenge in IWS.  I didn't include challenge #3, the "mystery hacked system" in the book, but I did recently revisit the challenge.  Ali said that it would be fine for me to post my findings.

As you can see, the challenge is pretty straightforward...an admin found a message "written on their system", and reported it.  The questions that Ali posed for the challenge were:
 How was the system hacked?What evidence did you find that proved your hypothesis?How did you approach and solve the case?Anything you would like to add?Below are my responses:

Question 1
Based on what I observed in the data, I would say that the system was not, in fact, hacked.  Rather, it appears that the Administrator user logged in from the console, accessed the C:\Tools folder and created the readme.txt file containing the message.

Question 2
I began with a visual inspection of the image, in order to verify that it could be opened, per SOP.  An initial view of the image indicated two user profiles (Administrator, master), and that there was a folder named "C:\Tools".  Within that folder was a single file named "readme.txt", which contained the text in question.

From there, I created a timeline of system activity, and started my analysis by locating the file 'C:\Tools\readme.txt' within the timeline, and I then pivoted from there.

The readme.txt file was created on 12 Dec 2015 at approx. 03:24:04 UTC.  Approx. 4 seconds later, the Automatic JumpList for Notepad within the Administrator profile was modified; at the same time, UserAssist artifacts indicated that Administrator user launched Notepad.

At the time that the file was created, the Administrator user was logged into the system via the console.  Shellbag artifacts for the Administrator account indicated that the account was used to navigate to the 'C:\Tools' folder via Windows Explorer.

Further, there were web browser artifacts indicating that Administrator account was used to view the file at 03:24:09 UTC on 12 Dec 2015, and that the 'master' account was used to view the file at 03:27:23 UTC on the same day.

Question 3
I created a timeline of system activity from several sources extracted from the image; file system metadata, Windows Event Log metadata, and Registry metadata.  In a few instances, I created micro-timelines of specific data sources (i.e., login events from the Security Event Log, activity related to specific users) to use as "overlays" and make analysis easier.

Question 4
Not related to the analysis goal provided were indications that the Administrator account had been used to access the Desktop\Docs folder for the 'master' user and created the 'readme.txt' file in that folder.

In addition, there was a pretty significant change in the system time, as indicated by the Windows Event Log:

Fri Dec 11 17:30:37 2015 Z
  EVTX     sensei            - [Time change] Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-General/1;
                                          2015-12-11T17:30:37.456000000Z,
                                          2015-12-12T03:30:35.244496800Z,1
*Time was changed TO 2015-12-11T17:30:37 FROM 2015-12-12T03:30:35

Finally, there was some suspicious activity on 12 Dec, at 03:26:13 UTC, in that magnify.exe was executed, as indicated by the creation and last modification of an application prefetch file. This indicates that this may have been the first and only time that magnify.exe had been executed.

Several seconds before that, it appeared that utilman.exe had been executed, and shortly afterward, net.exe and net1.exe were executed, as well.

Concerned with "Image File Execution Option" or accessibility hijacks, I searched the rest of the timeline, and found an indication that on 11 Dec, at approx. 19:18:54 UTC, cmd.exe had been copied to magnify.exe. This was verified by checking the file version information within magnify.exe.  Utilman.exe does not appear to have been modified, nor replaced, and the same appears to be true for osk.exe and sethc.exe.

Checking the Software hive, there do not appear to be any further "Image File Execution Option" hijacks.

I should note that per the timeline, the execution of magnify.exe occurred approx. two minutes after the message file was created.

Addendum:
After I posted this article and Ali commented, I found this blog posted by Adam which also provided a solution to the challenge.  Adam had posted his solution on 2 Jan, so last week.  I have to say, it's great to see someone else working these challenges and posting their solution.  Great job, Adam, and thanks for sharing!

Addendum, 9 Jan:
Based on a whim, I took a look at the USN change journal, and it proved to be pretty fascinating...more so, it showed that following the use of the net.exe/net1.exe, no files were apparently written to the system (i.e., output redirected to a file).  Very cool.